Hacking

In this article we will tell you about HACKING.

By Yash vashistha

What is hacking ?

Definition: Hacking is an attempt to exploit a computer system or a private network inside a computer. Simply put, it is the unauthorised access to or control over computer network security systems for some illicit purpose.

Description: To better describe hacking, one needs to first understand ha

ckers. One can easily assume them to be intelligent and highly skilled in computers. In fact, breaking a security system requires more intelligence and expertise than actually creating one. There are no hard and fast rules whereby we can categorize hackers into neat compartments. However, in general computer parlance, we call them white hats, black hats and grey hats. White hat professionals hack to check their own security systems to make it more hack-proof. In most cases, they are part of the same organisation. Black hat hackers hack to take control over the system for personal gains. They can destroy, steal or even prevent authorized users from accessing the system. They do this by finding loopholes and weaknesses in the system. Some computer experts call them crackers instead of hackers. Grey hat hackers comprise curious people who have just about enough computer language skills to enable them to hack a system to locate potential loopholes in the network security system. Grey hats differ from black hats in the sense that the former notify the admin of the network system about the weaknesses discovered in the system, whereas the latter is only looking for personal gains. All kinds of hacking are considered illegal barring the work done by white hat hackers.

• Authentication

  Authentication is the process of recognizing a user’s identity. It is the mechanism of associating a

• Authorization

  Authorization is a security mechanism to determine access levels or user/client privileges related t

• Buffer Overflow

  Buffer overflow occurs when a program tries to store more data in a temporary storage area than it c

• Ciphertext

  Cipher is an algorithm which is applied to plain text to get ciphertext. It is the unreadable output

• Clickjacking

  Clickjacking is a phenomenon of hijacking "clicks" in a website context. It is vulnerability in the

• Computer Virus

  A computer virus is a malicious software program loaded onto a user’s computer without the user’s kn

• Computer Worm

  A computer worm is a malicious, self-replicating software program (popularly termed as 'malware') wh

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• Cross-site Request Forgery

  Cross-Site Request Forgery - also known as CSRF, XRSF or Cross Site Reference Forgery - is a type of

• Cross-site Scripting

  Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability. It is accounted for almost

• Cryptography

  Cryptography is associated with the process of converting ordinary plain text into unintelligible te.

cycber security

cycber security :-

In this article we will tell you about cyber security 

By Yash vashistha 

Engineering is the process of developing an efficient mechanism which quickens and eases

What Is Cybersecurity?

Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks. These cycberattecks are usually aimed at accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information; extorting money from users via ransomwere ; or interrupting normal business processes.

Implementing effective cybersecurity measures is particularly challenging today because there are more devices than people, and attackers are becoming more innovative.

• How Cybersecurity Works
• Types of Threats
• Cybersecurity Job Info
• Related Topics

What is cybersecurity all about?

A successful cybersecurity approach has multiple layers of protection spread across the computers, networks, programs, or data that one intends to keep safe. In an organization, the people, processes, and technology must all complement one another to create an effective defense from cyber attacks. A unified th management system can automate integrations across select Cisco Security products and accelerate key security operations functions: detection, investigation, and remediation.

People

Users must understand and comply with basic data security principles like choosing strong passwords, being wary of attachments in email, and backing up data. Learn more about basic cybersecurity principles with these top 10 cyber tips.

Processes

Organizations must have a framework for how they deal with both attempted and successful cyber attacks. One welll-respected framework can guide you. It explains how you can identify attacks, protect systems, detect and respond to threats, and recover from successful attacks. Learn about the the NIST cybersecurity framework .

Technology

Technology is essential to giving organizations and individuals the computer security tools needed to protect themselves from cyber attacks. Three main entities must be protected: endpoint devices like computers, smart devices, and routers; networks; and the cloud. Common technology used to protect these entities include next-generation firewalls, DNS filtering, malware protection, antivirus software, and email security solutions.

Why is cybersecurity important?

In today’s connected world, everyone benefits from advanced cyberdefense programs. At an individual level, a cybersecurity attack can result in everything from identity theft, to extortion attempts, to the loss of important data like family photos. Everyone relies on critical infrastructure like power plants, hospitals, and financial service companies. Securing these and other organizations is essential to keeping our society functioning.

Everyone also benefits from the work of cyberthreat researchers, like the team of 250 threat researchers at Talos, who investigate new and emerging threats and cyber attack strategies. They reveal new vulnerabilities, educate the public on the importance of cybersecurity, and strengthen open source tools. Their work makes the Internet safer for everyone.

Types of cybersecurity threats

Phishing

Phishing is the practice of sending fraudulent emails that resemble emails from reputable sources. The aim is to steal sensitive data like credit card numbers and login information. It’s the most common type of cyber attack. You can help protect yourself through education or a technology solution that filters malicious emails.

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Social engineering

Social engineering is a tactic that adversaries use to trick you into revealing sensitive information. They can solicit a monetary payment or gain access to your confidential data. Social engineering can be combined with any of the threats listed above to make you more likely to click on links, download malware, or trust a malicious source.

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Ransomware

Ransomwwere is a type of malicious software. It is designed to extort money by blocking access to files or the computer system until the ransom is paid. Paying the ransom does not guarantee that the files will be recovered or the system.

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Malware

Malware is a type of software designed to gain unauthorized access or to cause damage to a computer. 

Engineering ethics

In this article we will tell you about engineering ethics 

By Yash vashistha 

Engineering is the process of developing an efficient mechanism which quickens and eases the work using limited resources, with the help of technology. Ethics are the principles accepted by the society, which also equate to the moral standards of human beings. An engineer with ethics, can help the society in a better way.

Hence the study of Engineering ethics, where such ethics are implemented in engineering by the engineers, is necessary for the good of the society. Engineering Ethics is the study of decisions, policies and values that are morally desirable in engineering practice and research.

Morals

The word “Morality” originates from the Latin word “mos” meaning “custom”. Morals are the principles or habits with respect to right or wrong of one’s own conduct. They are not imposed by anyone. Morals are what you think is good and bad personally.

Though morals are not imposed, they can be understood as the preaching of our inner self. Depending on a few factors, our mind filters things as good or bad. These are the ideas that help frame our personality so that we can distinguish between what is right and what is wrong.

A moral is the code of conduct that you develop over time and set for yourself to follow, just like

• Being good to everyone
• Speaking only the truth
• Going against what you know is wrong
• Having chastity
• Avoid cheating
• Being a nice human being etc.

Morals are always defined by one’s own personality. Morals can be changed according to one’s beliefs as they are completely dependent on one’s perception towards the ethical values.

Ethics

The word “Ethics” originates from the Greek word “ethos” meaning “character”. Ethics are a set of rules or principles that are generally considered as standards or good and bad or right and wrong, which are usually imposed by an external group or a society or a profession or so.

Ethics can be understood as the rules of conduct proposed by a society or recognized with respect to a particular class of human actions or a particular group or culture. Ethics are dependent on others definition. They may or may not vary from context to context.

A person who strictly follows a set of ethical principles, may not have any moral at all while a person who violates ethical principles at times, may maintain a high moral integrity. The ethical theories include duty ethics, right ethics, virtue ethics and so on. A best example that can explain ethics is utilitarianism.

Utilitarianism is the philosophy which explains that the happiness or pleasure of a greatest number of people in the society is considered as the greatest good. According to this philosophy, an action is morally right if its consequences leads to happiness of the people and wrong if the action leads to their unhappiness. This theory moves beyond the scope of one’s own interests and takes into account the interests of others.

Ethics in Engineering

Ethics are principles followed depending upon the moral responsibility that a person feels. The study of related questions about moral ideals, character, policies and relationships of people and organizations involved in technological activity, can be termed as Engineering ethics.

An engineer whether he works individually or works for a company, has to go through some ethical issues, mostly under the conditions such as, conceptualization of a product, issues arising in design and testing departments, or may be on the issues involving the manufacturing, sales and services. Questions related to morality also arise during supervision and team works.

The ethical decisions and moral values of an engineer need to be considered because the decisions of an engineer have an impact the products and services - how safe they are to use, the company and its shareholders who believe in the goodwill of the company, the public and the society who trusts the company regarding the benefits of the people, the law which cares about how legislation affects the profession and industry, the job and his moral responsibilities and about how the environment gets affected, etc.

Not only an engineer, but everyone has to follow a set of morals in order to keep away from getting morally degraded. Our behavior should include the following −

• Respecting others and ourselves.
• Respecting the rights of others.
• Keeping promises.
• Avoiding unnecessary problems to others.
• Avoiding cheating and dishonesty.
• Showing gratitude towards others and encourage them to work.

Morality commands respect for persons, both others and ourselves. It involves being fair and just, meeting obligations and respecting rights and not causing unnecessary harm by dishonesty and cruelty or by hubris.

Chemical engineering

 Chemical engineering 

In this article we will tell you about chemical engineering 

By Yash vashistha 

Chemical engineering involves the production and manufacturing of products through chemical processes. This includes designing equipment, systems, and processes for refining raw materials and for mixing, compounding, and processing chemicals.

Chemical engineers translate processes developed in the lab into practical applications for the commercial production of products, and then work to maintain and improve those processes. They rely on the main foundations of engineering: math, physics, and chemistry. Biology also plays an increasingly important role.

One of the four major kinds of engineering is chemical engineering – the others being civil, mechanical, and electrical engineering. As its name implies, it involves the production and the processing of chemicals. Chemical engineering is useful in the development of products, such as metals, detergents, plastics, and pharmaceuticals, from chemicals. In general, chemical engineers work to create safe uses for chemicals in the most cost-effective manner. New compounds may be discovered by chemists; however, without a chemical engineer engaging her skills to quantify, test, and produce it, the new compound may never become a final product.

Chemical engineering is based on a deep understanding of how matter is structured and how molecules can be transformed. At times, matter is inspected on the molecular scale, such as with certain polymes that are used in controlled-release formulated drugs. In contrast, matter can also be studied on the global scale, such as measuring the chemistry involved in global climate changes. In all, chemical engineers are responsible for contributing to the technological backbone of many of the world’s industries, ranging from the manufacturing of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and plastics to the processing of petroleum and food.

Because chemical engineering involves a deep understanding in a wide range of studies, it is also one of the most versatile disciplines. For example, a chemical engineer is expected to study chemistry, physics, advanced mathematics, and biology. As a result, those interested in chemical engineering can choose from any number of industries or specialties. Research, technical sales, a biomedical engineering are three such specialties, discussed below.

Sometimes chemical engineering is deeply intertwined with research. In those cases, the engineers work hand-in-hand with chemists to create new or improved products or processing methods. Once a new or improved product is thought-up, the next step is to develop it – usually in a laboratory under the supervision of a chemical engineer. If the product appears to be successful, it continues on to a pilot plant where a chemical engineer will test the product or the new process, make changes where necessary, and keep detailed reports. In modifying the product or process, they want to ensure that it is better than before, without posing safety issues, creating undue waste, or spending too much money or time.

Technical sales engineering and biomedical engineering are each subsets of chemical engineering. A chemical engineer involved in technical sales will work with customers to determine what kind of manufactured product will fit their needs. Often times, they will work as managers and make decisions related to their business. A biomedical engineer develops concepts and ponders the ideas of other members in the medical and scientific community and makes them into devices, materials, treatments, instruments, procedures, and techniques that are usable and helpful to patients and their doctors.

Thermal engineering

Thermal engineering 

In this article we will tell you about thermal engineering

By Yash vashistha 

frameworks that mobilize heat or energy. A solid foundation of fluid dynamics is regularly required by these professionals since fluids and gases are usually the media through which heat is moved. Inside the field of thermal engineering, there are various other particular fields. Thermalengineers may work with nano systems, for example, those inside gadgets or exceptionally huge systems, for example, those in industrial structures or vehicles and automobiles. Moreover, the thermal engineer might be required to plan or fabricate frameworks that move heat into or out of different types of energy. One regular duty of a thermal engineer is planning frameworks for warming and cooling. These frameworks can be small for example, those found in computers or personal gadgets, or enormous, for example, those found in industries or airplane. Liquids or gases are frequently used to move heat around the framework with the goal that it stays at ideal temperature.

Thermal engineering is a broad field of engineering that encompasses technologies dealing with heating and cooling systems, transfer of heat, and fluid  mechanics. Instruments that control temperature are essential in many areas, including the electric power industry; the automobile industry; and the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) industry. The principles of thermal engineering are also crucial to the operation of vehicles and other machines.

Heat transfer is a major concern within the field. The transfer of energy, in the form of heat, across different physical regions is heat transfer. When an area of high temperature is next to an area of lower temperature, heat naturally flows from the higher-temperature region to the lower-temperature region. This principle, known as conduction, is used in many thermal engineering settings to increase or decrease the temperature of a system. Insulation, for example, minimizes the conduction of heat and keeps temperature regions relatively distinct.

The heating and cooling of liquids is important in many industrial settings, and constitutes another branch of thermal engineering. An engineer in this field must also understand fluid dynamics. Coolant, a cooling substance, is used to reduce the temperature of processes and prevent overheating. Boiling is another method used to create vapor which may be condensed in refining a chemical product. The study of these processes helps thermal engineers determine the optimal regulation of temperature in each case.

Thermal engineering has applications outside industrial plants as well. An example is the HVAC industry, which deals with refrigeration, ventilation, and temperature regulation within buildings. An office building in a hot, humid climate may need more ventilation and air conditioning to promote cooling than the same building in a cold climate. Commercial establishments such as restaurants may require extensive refrigeration systems for the storage of food. All of these technical considerations would be within the realm of this type of engineering.

On a smaller scale, vehicles such as cars use thermal engineering in their everyday function. The heating and cooling of the car is controlled by thermal management systems integrated into the design. Heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and other principles of engineering are at work in cooling the engine and maintaining oil flow.

Thermal engineering is important to the design of almost any machine. Mechanical elements and electric circuits generate heat during operation, and the buildup of heat can often threaten the device. Cooling mechanisms, usually fans or liquid circulators, are added to compensate and help regulate the machine’s internal temperature. Devices that use this principle include computers and car batteries.